Industrial controllers , basic theory


Integral Action (Reset)

This function is called Integral Action or reset. The open loop response of the reset mode is shown in

Figure 10, which indicates a step change in the artificial measurement away from the set point at some instant in time. So long as the measurement was at the set point, there is no change in the output due to the reset mode in the controller. However, when any error exists between measurement and set point, the reset will cause the output to begin to change and to continue to change so long as the error exists. This function, then, causes the output to change until the proper output necessary to hold the measurement at the set point at various loads is achieved. This response is added to the proportional response of the controller as shown in figure 11.

The step change in the measurement first causes a proportional response, and then a reset response which is added to the proportional. The more reset action there is in the controller, the more quickly the output changes due to the reset response. The reset adjustment determines how rapidly the output changes as a function of time. Among the various brands of controllers, the amount of reset action is measured in one of two ways; either in minutes per repeat, or the number of repeats per minute. For those controllers measuring reset in minutes per repeat, the reset time is the amount of time necessary for the reset mode to repeat the open loop response caused by proportional mode for a step change in error. Thus, for these controllers, the smaller the reset number, the greater the action of the reset mode. On those controllers which measure reset action in repeats per minute, the adjustment in indicates how many repeats of the proportional action are generated by the reset mode in one minute. Thus, for these controllers the higher the reset number the greater the reset action. Reset time is indicated in figure 11. The proper amount of reset action depends upon how fast the measurement can respond to the additional valve travel it causes.

The controller must not drive the valve faster than the dead time in the process , allowing the measurement to respond, or else the valve will go to its limits before the measurement can be brought back to the set point. The valve will then remain in its extreme position until the measurement crosses the set point whereupon the controller will drive the valve to its opposite extreme where will stay until the measurement crosses the set point in the opposite direction. The result will be a reset cycle in which the valve travels from one extreme to another as the measurement oscillates around the set point. When reset is applied in controllers on batch processes where the measurement is away from the set point for long periods between batches, the reset may drive the output to its maximum resulting in "reset wind?up". When the next batch is started, the output will not come off its maximum until the measurement crosses the setpoint, causing large overshoots. This problem can be prevented by including a "batch switch" in the controller.

« Previous 2 3 4 5 6 Next »
SAS3442E-R - Storage controller (RAID) - 8 Channel - SATA-300 / SAS low profile - 300 MBps - RAID 0 1 1E 10E - PCI Express x8

SAS3442E-R - Storage controller (RAID) - 8 Channel - SATA-300 / SAS low profile - 300 MBps - RAID 0 1 1E 10E - PCI Express x8

$246.99

The LSI SAS3442E-R four-port internal/four-port external SAS PCI Express storage adapter provides 300 MB/s bandwidth on each port for combined throughput of up to 2.4 GB/s. The storage adapter supports multi-volume OS independent Integrated RAID 0 1 ... [Read more]

Brand: LSI Logic

20160 - Storage controller - 1 Channel - Ultra160 SCSI - 160 MBps - PCI

20160 - Storage controller - 1 Channel - Ultra160 SCSI - 160 MBps - PCI

$97.99

The LSI LSI20160 Single Channel Ultra160 SCSI host adapter is an "all purpose" SCSI adapter. This adapter is ideal for any application needing added SCSI connectivity at a low cost. The LSI20160 adapter features Ultra160 SCSI performance both ... [Read more]

Brand: LSI Logic

LSI Logic SAS3041X-R 4 Port SAS/SATA RAID Controller

LSI Logic SAS3041X-R 4 Port SAS/SATA RAID Controller

$203.99

www.lsilogic.com SAS3041X-R 4 Port SAS/SATA RAID Controller Driver CD Low-profile bracket 4 x1 SATA Cables Installation guide The LSI SAS3041X-R is a low-cost four-port 3 Gb/s internal SAS/SATA host bus adapter. This card offers Dynamic SAS functionality including dual-port drive redundancy and SATA compatibility. The SAS3041X-R also offers integrated RAID 0, 1, 1E and 10E for high-performance data protection, making it perfect for medium capacity internal storage applications. SAS RAID Controller LSI00033-F 3 Year Up to 300MBps Per Port Up to 122 x Physical LSI Logic Corp SAS3041X-R SAS3041X-R 4 Port SAS/SATA RAID Controller PC Solaris 4 x 7-pin Serial ATA/300 - Serial ATA Internal 0 1 1E 10E 2.5"" Height x 6.6"" Width LSI Logic Low-profile Plug-in Card PCI-X [Read more]

Brand: LSI Logic

LSI Logic MegaRAID 9260-4i 4-Port SAS RAID Controller

LSI Logic MegaRAID 9260-4i 4-Port SAS RAID Controller

$371.99

www.lsilogic.com The four-port MegaRAID SAS 9260-4i controller provides a new level of performance and data protection for internal storage systems using up to 32 SATA or SAS hard drives or solid state drives. With data transfer rates of up to 6Gb/s per port, the MegaRAID SAS 9260-4i brings users new features and improved performance while continuing to support all the features of the previous 3Gb/s SATA and SAS generation. This value line controller, ideal for cost-sensitive 1U and 2U server applications, employs the latest in RAID-on-Chip technology and complies with the PCI Express 2.0 specification for high-bandwidth applications. SAS RAID Controller LSI00201 300MBps Per Port 32 x Physical LSI Logic Corp 512MB DDR2 9260-4i MegaRAID 9260-4i 4-Port SAS RAID Controller 4 x SFF-8087 - Mini-SAS MegaRAID 0 1 5 6 10 50 60 LSI Logic Low-profile Plug-in Card PCI Express x8 [Read more]

Brand: LSI Logic

LSI Logic MegaRAID SAS8708EM2 8 Port SAS RAID Controller

LSI Logic MegaRAID SAS8708EM2 8 Port SAS RAID Controller

$508.99

www.lsilogic.com The MegaRAID SAS 8708EM2, a second generation SAS/SATA RAID product from LSI, enables users to create tiered storage with SATA and SAS hard drives. Architected with a x8 PCI Express host interface, 667MHz DDR-II memory, and the LSISAS1078 ROC controller, the MegaRAID SAS 8708EM2 is the most powerful value-line solution LSI has offered to date. With a true MD2 low-profile form factor and two internal Mini-SAS connectors, this adapter allows system builders to attach up to 16 SAS and/or SATA drives in high-density servers and systems for maximum design flexibility. SAS RAID Controller LSI00158 Up to 300MBps Per Port Up to 16 x Physical LSI Logic Corp 128MB DDR2 SAS 8708EM2 MegaRAID SAS8708EM2 8 Port SAS RAID Controller PC 2 x SFF-8087 mini SAS 300 - Serial Attached SCSI Internal MegaRAID 0 1 5 6 10 50 60 LSI Logic Low-profile Plug-in Card PCI Express x8 [Read more]

Brand: LSI Logic

LSI Logic MegaRAID SAS 8208ELP 8 Port Controller

LSI Logic MegaRAID SAS 8208ELP 8 Port Controller

$268.99

www.lsilogic.com The eight-port MegaRAID SAS 8208ELP, based on first-to-market SAS IC technology and proven MegaRAID technology, provides a low-cost RAID 5 solution for mid- to low-end PCI-Express server and workstation environments where high performance and reliable data protection are required. With support for both SAS and SATA II drives, customers can now configure custom systems employing a SAS/SATA adapter with low-cost SATA drives and/or high-performance SAS drives. SAS RAID Controller LSI00108 Up to 300MBps Per Port Up to 8 x Physical LSI Logic Corp 8208ELP MegaRAID SAS 8208ELP 8 Port Controller PC 2 x SFF-8087 SAS 300 - Serial Attached SCSI Internal MegaRAID 0 1 5 10 2.54"" Height x 6.6"" Width LSI Logic Low-profile Plug-in Card PCI Express x4 [Read more]

Brand: LSI Logic

LSI Logic LSISAS3041E-R 4 Port SAS RAID Controller

LSI Logic LSISAS3041E-R 4 Port SAS RAID Controller

$215.99

www.lsilogic.com LSISAS3041E-R 4 Port SAS RAID Controller Driver CD Low-profile bracket 4 x1 SATA Cables Installation guide The LSI Logic SAS3041E-R is a low-cost 4-port 3 Gb/s internal SAS/SATA host bus adapter. This card offers dynamic SAS functionality including dual-port drive redundancy and SATA compatibility. The SAS3041E-R also offers integrated RAID 0, 1, 1E and 10E for high-performance data protection, making it perfect for medium capacity internal storage applications. SAS RAID Controller LSI00112 3 Year Up to 300MBps Per Port Up to 122 x Physical LSI Logic Corp LSISAS3041E-R LSISAS3041E-R 4 Port SAS RAID Controller PC Solaris 4 x 7-pin Serial ATA/300 - Serial ATA Internal 0 1 1E 10E 2.5"" Height x 6.6"" Width LSI Logic Low-profile Plug-in Card PCI Express x4 [Read more]

Brand: LSI Logic

LSI Logic MegaRAID 9260-8i 8-Port SAS RAID Controller

LSI Logic MegaRAID 9260-8i 8-Port SAS RAID Controller

$609.99

www.lsilogic.com LSI MegaRAID SATA+SAS controllers provide a new level of reliability, availability, and performance to businesses that are facing storage challenges driven by unprecedented data growth. With data transfer rates of up to 6Gb/s per port, the MegaRAID SAS 9260-8i and 9260DE-8i bring users new features and improved performance, while continuing to support all the features of the previous 3Gb/s SATA+SAS generation. SAS RAID Controller LSI00206 3 Year 300MBps 32 x Physical 64 x Logical LSI Logic Corp 512MB DDR2 SDRAM 9260-8i MegaRAID 9260-8i 8-Port SAS RAID Controller PC 2 x SFF-8087 - Mini-SAS MegaRAID 0 1 5 6 10 50 60 2.54"" Height x 6.6"" Width LSI Logic Low-profile Plug-in Card PCI Express x8 [Read more]

Brand: LSI Logic

LSI Logic MegaRAID 8704EM2 4-Ports SAS RAID Controller

LSI Logic MegaRAID 8704EM2 4-Ports SAS RAID Controller

$292.99

www.lsilogic.com The four-port MegaRAID SAS 8704EM2 provides high-performance and cost effective data protection for internal SAS systems using up to 32 SAS or SATA hard drives. Leveraging the smallest standard PCI Express MD2 form factor, this adapter is a perfect fit for 1U and 2U servers and space-limited storage environments. Featuring the LSISAS1078 ROC, a x8 PCI Express host interface and 667MHz DDRII, the MegaRAID SAS 8704EM2 is a high-performance RAID adapter with advanced data protection capabilities for low-cost server and nearline applications. SAS RAID Controller LSI00181 3 Year 300MBps Per Port Up to 32 x Physical Up to 64 x Logical LSI Logic Corp 128MB DDR2 8704EM2 MegaRAID 8704EM2 4-Ports SAS RAID Controller PC 1 x Mini-SAS - Serial Attached SCSI Internal MegaRAID 0 1 5 6 10 50 60 2.54"" Height x 6.6"" Width LSI Logic Low-profile Plug-in Card PCI Express x8 [Read more]

Brand: LSI Logic

LSI Logic LSI20320-R Single Channel Ultra320 SCSI Controller

LSI Logic LSI20320-R Single Channel Ultra320 SCSI Controller

$229.99

www.lsilogic.com LSI20320-R Single Channel Ultra320 SCSI Controller 1 x Internal, five-drive LVD 68-pin 42 inch cable with termination CD with Drivers Management Utilities and User's Guide Lead Free Ideal for maximizing storage performance within servers and high-performance workstations Termination: Universal (LVD/SE) termination, auto cable detection System Architectures Supported: X86 IA64 SPARC AMD64 Supported Operating Systems: Microsoft Windows NT4.0 Microsoft Windows 2000 Microsoft Windows Server 2003 Red Hat Linux 7.0 Red Hat Linux 7.1 Red Hat Linux 7.2 Red Hat Linux 8.0 (32- & 64-bit) Red Hat Linux 7.3 Red Hat Linux ASE 2.1 Caldera 3.1 Caldera 3.1.1 Solaris SPARC Novell NetWare 5.1 Novell NetWare 6.0 Suse Linux 7.2 Suse Linux 7.3 Suse Linux 8X (32- & 64-bit) Solaris X86 Open UNIX 8 SCO OSR UNIX 5.0 SCO UNIXWare 7.X CE VCCI C-Tick FCC class B UL 94VO RoHS The LSI Logic LSI20320-R Ultra320 SCSI single-channel host adapter is the right choice for increasing storage per... [Read more]

Brand: LSI Logic

8708EM2 - STORAGE CONTROLLER - HARD DRIVE; DISK ARRAY (RAID) - SERIAL ATTACHED S

8708EM2 - STORAGE CONTROLLER - HARD DRIVE; DISK ARRAY (RAID) - SERIAL ATTACHED S

$495.99

SAS 8708EM2 MEGARAID KIT 8PORT 3GB SATA PCIE 256MB [Read more]

Brand: LSI Logic

LSI Logic MegaRAID 9280-8E 8-Port SAS RAID Controller

LSI Logic MegaRAID 9280-8E 8-Port SAS RAID Controller

$704.99

www.lsilogic.com Todays newest external enclosure designs are based on architectures that support both SATA and SAS drives. The MegaRAID SAS 9280-8e and 9280DE-8e, with eight external SATA+SAS ports, are ideal for configuring these external enclosures with your choice of high-performance SAS hard drives, high-capacity SATA hard drives or power-saving solid state drives (SSDs). SAS RAID Controller LSI00205 3 Year 300MBps 240 x Physical LSI Logic Corp 512MB DDR2 SDRAM 9280-8E MegaRAID 9280-8E 8-Port SAS RAID Controller PC 2 x SFF-8088 - Mini-SAS External MegaRAID 0 1 5 6 10 50 60 2.54"" Height x 6.6"" Width LSI Logic Low-profile Plug-in Card PCI Express x8 [Read more]

Brand: LSI Logic

LSI Logic LSI21320-R Dual-Channel Ultra320 SCSI RAID Controller

LSI Logic LSI21320-R Dual-Channel Ultra320 SCSI RAID Controller

$191.99

www.lsilogic.com Lead Free System Architecture Supported: X86, IA64, SPARC, AMD64 Supported Operating Systems: Microsoft Windows NT4.0 Microsoft Windows 2000 Microsoft Windows Server 2003 Red Hat Linux 7.0 Red Hat Linux 7.1 Red Hat Linux 7.2 Red Hat Linux 8.0 (32- & 64-bit) Red Hat Linux 7.3 Red Hat Linux ASE 2.1 Caldera 3.1 Caldera 3.1.1 Solaris SPARC Novell NetWare 5.1 Novell NetWare 6.0 Suse Linux 7.2 Suse Linux 7.3 Solaris X86 Open UNIX 8 SCO OSR UNIX 5.0 SCO UNIXWare 7.X CE VCCI C-Tick FCC class B UL 94V0 The LSI Logic LSI21320-R is our midrange Ultra320 SCSI HBA for entry-level to mid-range servers, high-performance workstations, and internal and external storage. It supports 640MBps transfer rate with two channels. SCSI RAID Controller LSI21320RB-F LSI LSI53C1030 Ultra320 SCSI 3 Year 320MBps Per Channel Up to 30 x Physical LSI Logic Corp LSI21320-R LSI21320-R Dual-Channel Ultra320 SCSI RAID Controller PC Unix Solaris 2 x 68-pin HD-68 Ultra320 SCSI LVD/SE - SCSI Internal 1... [Read more]

Brand: LSI Logic

LSI Logic MegaRAID 8888ELP 8 Port SAS RAID Controller

LSI Logic MegaRAID 8888ELP 8 Port SAS RAID Controller

$665.99

www.lsilogic.com Flexibility best summarizes the features of the SAS 8888ELP. With selectable connectors, one card serves three deployment needs. Users can choose two connectors: two internal, two external or one each. System builders can attach up to 240 disks; choose high performance SAS disks or high capacity SATA drives or a combination of both for greater system design flexibility. Finally, this adapter features a replaceable DDR II 256MB mini DIMM cache module, with two battery backup options. An investment in the 8888ELP brings piece of mind, with its unique ability to operate with both internal or external disk equipment. SAS RAID Controller LSI00142 Up to 300MBps Per Port Up to 64 x Logical Up to 240 x Physical LSI Logic Corp 512MB DDR2 8888ELP MegaRAID 8888ELP 8 Port SAS RAID Controller PC 2 x SFF-8088 SAS 300 - Serial Attached SCSI External 2 x SFF-8087 SAS 300 - Serial Attached SCSI Internal MegaRAID 0 1 5 6 10 50 60 2.54"" Height x 7.71"" Width LSI L... [Read more]

Brand: LSI Logic

LSI Logic MegaRAID SAS 84016E 16 Port Controller

LSI Logic MegaRAID SAS 84016E 16 Port Controller

$667.99

www.lsilogic.com The growing requirement to store huge amounts of data with uninterrupted availability and reliability calls for a high-density point-to-point RAID storage solution. The MegaRAID SAS 84016E, the latest SAS/SATA offering from LSI, addresses any data availability concerns associated with deploying large number of drives in mission-critical environments. It allows system builders to direct-connect up to 16 SATA II and/or SAS drives. Also, by leveraging SAS expander technology, this adapter can support up to 122 physical devices for the most data-intensive environments. SAS RAID Controller LSI00137 Up to 300MBps Per Port Up to 122 x Physical Up to 64 x Logical LSI Logic Corp 256MB DDR2 84016E MegaRAID SAS 84016E 16 Port Controller PC 4 x SFF-8087 SAS 300 - Serial Attached SCSI Internal MegaRAID 0 1 5 10 50 4.2"" Height x 6.6"" Width LSI Logic Half-length Full-height Plug-in Card PCI Express x8 [Read more]

Brand: LSI Logic

LSI Logic MegaRAID 9260-8i 8-Port SAS RAID Controller

LSI Logic MegaRAID 9260-8i 8-Port SAS RAID Controller

$532.99

www.lsilogic.com LSI MegaRAID SATA+SAS controllers provide a new level of reliability, availability, and performance to businesses that are facing storage challenges driven by unprecedented data growth. With data transfer rates of up to 6Gb/s per port, the MegaRAID SAS 9260-8i and 9260DE-8i bring users new features and improved performance, while continuing to support all the features of the previous 3Gb/s SATA+SAS generation. SAS RAID Controller LSI00202 3 Year 300MBps 32 x Physical 64 x Logical LSI Logic Corp 512MB DDR2 SDRAM 9260-8i MegaRAID 9260-8i 8-Port SAS RAID Controller PC 2 x SFF-8087 - Mini-SAS MegaRAID 0 1 5 6 10 50 60 2.54"" Height x 6.6"" Width LSI Logic Low-profile Plug-in Card PCI Express x8 [Read more]

Brand: LSI Logic

LSI Logic LSI00197 4-Port SAS RAID Controller

LSI Logic LSI00197 4-Port SAS RAID Controller

$326.99

www.lsilogic.com SAS RAID Controller LSI00197 300Mbps 32 x Physical LSI Logic Corp 512MB DDR SDRAM LSI00197 LSI00197 4-Port SAS RAID Controller 1 x SFF-8087 - Mini-SAS 4 x Serial Attached SCSI Internal 0 1 5 6 10 50 60 LSI Logic Retail Low-profile Plug-in Card PCI Express x8 [Read more]

Brand: LSI Logic

9280-8E - STORAGE CONTROLLER - HARD DRIVE; DISK ARRAY (RAID) - SERIAL ATTACHED S

9280-8E - STORAGE CONTROLLER - HARD DRIVE; DISK ARRAY (RAID) - SERIAL ATTACHED S

$789.99

9280-8E - STORAGE CONTROLLER - HARD DRIVE; DISK ARRAY (RAID) - SERIAL ATTACHED S [Read more]

Brand: LSI Logic

LSI Logic MegaRAID 9260-8i 8-Port SAS RAID Controller

LSI Logic MegaRAID 9260-8i 8-Port SAS RAID Controller

$494.99

www.lsilogic.com LSI MegaRAID SATA+SAS controllers provide a new level of reliability, availability, and performance to businesses that are facing storage challenges driven by unprecedented data growth. With data transfer rates of up to 6Gb/s per port, the MegaRAID SAS 9260-8i and 9260DE-8i bring users new features and improved performance, while continuing to support all the features of the previous 3Gb/s SATA+SAS generation. SAS RAID Controller LSI00198 3 Year 300MBps 32 x Physical 64 x Logical LSI Logic Corp 512MB DDR2 SDRAM 9260-8i MegaRAID 9260-8i 8-Port SAS RAID Controller PC 2 x SFF-8087 - Mini-SAS MegaRAID 0 1 5 6 10 50 60 2.54"" Height x 6.6"" Width LSI Logic Low-profile Plug-in Card PCI Express x8 [Read more]

Brand: LSI Logic

LSI LSIU320 - storage controller - Ultra320 SCSI - PCI-X

LSI LSIU320 - storage controller - Ultra320 SCSI - PCI-X

$159.95

133M 1-68PIN INT 1-HD68 EXT LEADFRE [Read more]

Brand: LSI Logic

LSI SAS3041X-R - storage controller (RAID) - SATA-300 / SAS - PCI-X

LSI SAS3041X-R - storage controller (RAID) - SATA-300 / SAS - PCI-X

$219.95

PCIX 3GB/S LEADFREE [Read more]

Brand: LSI Logic

LSI MegaRAID SAS 9280-8E - storage controller (RAID) - SATA-300 / SAS - PCI Express 2.0 x8

LSI MegaRAID SAS 9280-8E - storage controller (RAID) - SATA-300 / SAS - PCI Express 2.0 x8

$762.95

6GB SAS/SATA PCIE 2.0 512MB [Read more]

Brand: LSI Logic

LSI LSI22320SE - storage controller - Ultra320 SCSI - PCI Express x4

LSI LSI22320SE - storage controller - Ultra320 SCSI - PCI Express x4

$275.95

2 EXT CHANNELS LP LEADFREE [Read more]

Brand: LSI Logic

LSI MegaRAID SAS 84016E - storage controller (RAID) - SATA-300 / SAS - PCI Express x8

LSI MegaRAID SAS 84016E - storage controller (RAID) - SATA-300 / SAS - PCI Express x8

$704.95

256MB PCIE ROHS6 [Read more]

Brand: LSI Logic

LSI MegaRAID SAS 9260-8i - storage controller (RAID) - SATA-300 / SAS - PCI Express 2.0 x8

LSI MegaRAID SAS 9260-8i - storage controller (RAID) - SATA-300 / SAS - PCI Express 2.0 x8

$535.95

6GB SAS/SATA PCIE 2.0 512MB [Read more]

Brand: LSI Logic

LSI MegaRAID SAS 9260-8i KIT - storage controller (RAID) - SATA-300 / SAS - PCI Express 2.0 x8

LSI MegaRAID SAS 9260-8i KIT - storage controller (RAID) - SATA-300 / SAS - PCI Express 2.0 x8

$571.95

6GB SAS/SATA PCIE 2.0 512MB [Read more]

Brand: LSI Logic

Programmable Logic Controllers

Programmable Logic Controllers

$44.95

[Read more]

Programmable Logic Controllers

Programmable Logic Controllers

$155.60

Pages: 294, Edition: Facsimile, Paperback, Prentice Hall [Read more]

LSI LSI22320-R - storage controller - Ultra320 SCSI - PCI-X

LSI LSI22320-R - storage controller - Ultra320 SCSI - PCI-X

$259.95

133MHZ 2-VHDCI68 2-HD68 LEADFREE [Read more]

Brand: LSI Logic

« Previous 2 3 4 5 6 Next »

<< Back - Next >> 

Home

Function of automatic control .  - The feedback loop. - The measurement .  - The process .  

 The automatic controller .  -  Controlling the process .  -  Selecting controller action - Upsets . 

 Process characteristics and controllability . - Controller responses . - Proportional action . - Integral action (reset ).

 Derivative action . - Conclusion .